Janse et al [31] described detailed protocols for these organisms
Because it is tied to insulin-like growth factor activity, it may affect blood sugar, tissue growth signaling, water retention, swelling, and other body systems
Clinical motorized pens go deeper and can produce more dramatic results for concerns like deep scarring, but they also carry more downtime and demand a stricter sterile environment, so at-home and in-clinic are different tools for different jobs, not better and worse versions of one thing
This is where the conventional aftercare anxiety is entirely rational, since you are choosing a product, in your bathroom, to apply into an open, air-exposed, fingertip-adjacent channel, and the quality and sterility of that choice is on you