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Sampling method for endophytes: leaves were washed with water and then a glass bead sterilizer was violently shaken in bacteria free water in order to physically remove bacteria (removing the disturbance of microbes on the surface of leaves as far as possible)

Biomarkers of nicotine exposure Identifying specific biomarkers of nicotine exposure in sperm, which could serve as indicators of male reproductive health and potential targets for intervention

"If someone is interested in quitting smoking there are ways that are safe and effective," Sward said

My Smoke Free Life is designed to use modern technology to link patients with healthcare professionals for a cost-effective solution to address cessation needs