Ion pumps and exchangers are unable to keep up with the increasing concentrations of Ca 2+ , which is not pumped out of the cell, and high Ca 2+ levels trigger the release of glutamate, a major contributor to ischemia-induced excitotoxicity in neurons and glial cells (Papazian et al., 2018
While animal models have shown a favorable safety profile, and many individuals report positive experiences, the absence of extensive human clinical trials means that caution is advised
Fangli Peng et al
Some phytohormone members such as auxin (IAA) 10 , abscisic acid (ABA) 11,12 , brassinosteroid (BR) 13,14 , gibberellin (GA) 15,16 , and strigolactone (SL) 17,18,19 play important roles in reducing heavy metal stress