In a mouse model of chronic kidney disease induced by adenine, catalpol activates SIRT1 and inhibits NF-B, thereby reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis, lowering kidney injury markers, and preventing DNA damage and apoptosis (Zaaba et al., 2023)
Compared with STD (500 mg), LMG at a lower dose (300 mg) increased iAUC and C max by ~2.49-fold and ~2.43-fold, respectively, and when dose-normalized (to a 300 mg equivalent), incremental systemic exposure and peak levels were up to ~4-fold higher, supporting greater absorption per unit dose
Autophagy mediates interleukin-1 Secretion in human neutrophils
113 The side effects reported include hypogammaglobulinemia, infection, late-onset neutropenia, and mucocutaneous reactions