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FDA-approved short-term nicotine replacement therapies like patches, gum, and nasal sprays are considered safer for managing nicotine cravings

1994 SmokeScreen A guide to the personal risks and global effects of the cigarette habit North Perth, WA, Australia: Halcyon Press Fraumeni J, Mason T

In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies found that cigarette smoke not only decrease the fecal abundance of Bifidobacterium but also reduce its production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) [124, 173], immune-regulatory molecules modulating immune and inflammatory response within many diseases, and reductions in the concentration of SCFAs especially butyrate in colorectal tissues were demonstrated to be associated with the possibility of early stage CRC development [174]