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Other malabsorption causes include: Atrophic gastritis and reduced gastric acid production (common in older adults) Gastrointestinal surgery, particularly gastrectomy, ileal resection, or bariatric surgery (especially gastric bypass) Inflammatory bowel disease affecting the terminal ileum (Crohn's disease) Coeliac disease and other small bowel disorders Chronic pancreatitis affecting enzyme secretion Helicobacter pylori infection (may contribute to reduced absorption) Medication-related deficiency is increasingly recognised

Pattern hair loss, whether male or female, involves progressive shortening of the anagen phase

Hydroxocobalamin is the preferred agent in this patient population (see separate monograph in Less Common Drugs)

At Your Skin Prescription, we focus on providing a range of aesthetic services in a comfortable, stress-free environment, and that includes helping you create a B12 plan that truly works for you