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Additionally, the administration of safflower extract, which comprises both HSYA and safflower yellow (also known as carthamine yellow), elevates the mRNA levels of antioxidative enzymes and enhances the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in liver homogenates (Yan et al., 2020)

A periplasmic extract was prepared (see above), yielding a final volume of 15 mL

This stepwise ubiquitination mechanism, involving distinct E2 enzymes for building ubiquitin chain, is reminiscent of other CRL4 complexes but highlights the unique modularity of the CRL4 DET1-COP1 system

Reconstituted peptides should never be frozen, as ice crystal formation disrupts peptide structure irreversibly