Oxidative damage to lipids, amino acids, and proteins impairs mitochondrial function, triggering a vicious cycle of ROS generation and cellular damage (42)
The optimal ghk-cu protocol depends entirely on the therapeutic goal, distinguishing between systemic effects and localized treatment
The molecular mechanisms of natural products targeting Nrf2 signaling pathway will be discussed and summarized as schematically outlined in Table 1
FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone, LH: luteinizing hormone, EBRT: external beam radiation therapy, SOD: superoxide dismutase, ROS: reactive oxygen species, NO: nitric oxide, MDA: malondialdehyde, Bcl-xL: B-cell lymphoma-extra-large, Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2, PARP-1: poly-[ADP-ribose] polymerase 1, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, PCNA: proliferating cell nuclear antigen, BAX: Bcl-2 associated X protein, TNF-: tumor necrosis factor-, ACP: acyl carrier protein, -NAG: N-acetyl glucosamine, -GAL: galactosidase, GnRH: gonadotropin-releasing hormone, PM: particulate matter, BPA: bisphenol A, BADGE: BPA diglycidyl ether, DBP: dibutyl phthalate, DEHP: diethyl hexyl phthalate, MBP: mono butyl phthalate, MEHP: mono ethyl hexyl phthalate, SHBG: sex-hormone-binding protein, ED: erectile dysfunction, PFAS: perfluoroalkyl substances, PFOS: perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, PCB: polychlorinated biphenyl, HPG: hypothalamicpituitarygonadal
