This protective effect helps maintain optimal brain function and reduces the risk of cognitive decline
Defects occur in both the NADPH oxidase complex itself and the enzymes of the PPP that yield the required NADPH, particularly G6PDH The Pentose Phosphate Pathway The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) (also called hexose monophosphate shunt, HMS) consists of series of interconnected reactions that serve as an alternate route for the metabolism of glucose
Furthermore, supplementation with L-cystine, a precursor for GSH, increases levels of vitamin D and its binding proteins [114,116]
PI3K can be activated, turning into PI3K-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), when stimulated by extracellular signals, such as EGFR, PDGF, RGF, and IGF, thereby promoting signal transduction cascades (101, 102)