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Attempts have been made to study the effects of TMAO on cardiac muscle at the molecular level

A 2025 systematic review published in HSS Journal (Vasireddi et al.) reviewing BPC-157's use in orthopaedic sports medicine noted that preclinical data shows potential in musculoskeletal injuries but that human randomized controlled trial data remains absent

Higuchi T, Abe M, Yamazaki T, Okawa E, Ando H, Hotta S, et al

It would be of interest to determine what the acute response (i.e., timecourse) of these transporters, proteins and enzymes are following a standard BA dose, and whether these changes reflect or predict the longer-term changes in muscle carnosine content