intestinal microbiota metabolism of l carnitine Full article: Gut microbes with the gbu genes determine TMAO production from L-carnitine intake and serve as a biomarker for precision nutrition γ–Butyrobetaine is a pro-atherogenic intermediate

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Carnitine is most concentrated in tissues that use fatty acids as their primary fuel, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle because its required for mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids for energy production.1 Carnitine Deficiency and Dietary Sources The human body needs about 15 mg of carnitine per day from a combination of endogenous and dietary sources, and a typical omnivore diet provides up to 10 times that amount.2 Healthy individuals generally synthesize enough carnitine to prevent deficiency