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Additionally, there is nuclear factor-B-dependent upregulation of inflammatory genes, such as cyclooxygenase and inducible nitric oxide synthase, in astrocytes

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placebo on the time to occurrence of a composite cardiovascular outcome (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, cardiovascular death, hospitalization or urgent visit due to heart failure) and a composite renal outcome (end-stage kidney disease, 40% sustained decline in eGFR, cardiovascular death or renal death) in 10,000 individuals with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or CKD

This was evidenced by significant inhibition of key oxidative and inflammatory mediators, including myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde levels